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Many places have exonyms, names for places that differs from that used in the official or well-established language within that place, in the Albanian language. Albanian has a relatively small number of true exonyms in areas beyond the current borders of Albania and Kosovo, mostly in neighboring countries, and those are listed here. In addition, Albanian is a language with phonetic spelling that includes orthographic exonymy, i.e. it renders the names of non-Albanian places and people phonetically according to Albanian orthography. For example, Manchester is written as ''Mançester'', Los Angeles as ''Los Anxheles'', and New York as ''Nju Jork'', etc. ==Grammatical forms of Albanian placenames== True Albanian exonyms, not mere orthographic exonyms, like all Albanian placenames can be rendered in two forms the same way as common nouns, the definite and indefinite forms.〔Leonard Newmark, Philip Hubbard, Peter R. Prifti. ''Standard Albanian: a reference grammar for students''. Stanford University Press, 1982. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6.〕 These forms are created with postpositions to the placename. When using English or another foreign language, Albanians tend to use the definite form but on road signs and other similar usage, the indefinite form is used because there is an implied preposition ''në'', meaning "to" or "in", which is followed by the indefinite.〔Gillian Gloyer. ''The Bradt Travel Guide Albania''. 3rd edition. Bradt Travel Guides, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84162-246-0.〕 Maps, especially those produced in Albania, consistently use the indefinite form.〔 The two forms are applied differently depending on grammatical gender of the word. "Recommended international usage for Albanian toponyms" in Kosovo has feminine place names appearing in the definite form and masculine place names in the indefinite form. However, in Albania, English usage is of the indefinite for ''both'' feminine and masculine placenames except for the capital, Tirana. Thus the following usage in English with the preferred form in bold and link to the respective article: Since Albanian exonyms by nature are rarely seen in English texts, there are no strict rules as to which is the "correct" form for places outside of Albania and Kosovo. When available, both are given with the indefinite followed by the definite separated by a slash (stroke, i.e. "/"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Albanian exonyms」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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